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Sharks and rays do not have true bones like other fishes. They have cartilage instead which is lighter and much more elastic and allows them to bend in very tight circles.
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Sharks do not have swim bladders. A swim bladder is a gas filled sack inside the body of bony fishes that allows them to stay still without sinking. Sharks compensate by having a very big liver that is filled with oil. Even so, sharks sink unless they keep swimming forward. The exception is the Sandtiger Shark which swallows air to make itself more buoyant.
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A shark’s upper jaw is not fused to its skull like most animals. When a shark bites a large object, it is able to move its upper and lower jaw forward in order to take a bigger bite.
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Unlike other fishes, sharks are able to replace their teeth constantly. New teeth grow from the inner surface of the jaw and rotate forward when the old teeth get worn out or lost during feeding.
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Sharks and rays do not reproduce like other fishes. Most fish release clouds of sperm and eggs into the water column where they mix together. The fertilized eggs then float around until the fish larvae hatch and form schools of tiny fish. Male sharks have two organs called claspers attached to their anal fins. They insert one of these into the female shark’s cloaca (the entrance to the uterus) to transfer sperm (just like in mammals). Some sharks and rays incubate the eggs in their uteruses until the baby sharks are ready to be born. Other sharks and rays (i.e. skates) lay eggs and attach them to the reef.
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Sharks have between 5 and 7 gill slits on each side of their body in front of their pectoral fins. Bony fishes only have one pair. Having many exposed gill slits probably helps transfer more oxygen into their blood faster which allows them to swim very fast when they need to.
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Most shark’s skin is covered in small denticles instead of scales. Denticles are a lot like teeth. They have dentine in the centre and enamel on the surface. This makes shark’s skin very tough and abrasive like sandpaper. The shape and position of some shark’s denticles also helps reduce friction so that they can slip through the water easier.
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Sharks have an extra sense that is able to detect tiny electric fields. They can use this to find food that is buried or to search for animals to eat in the dark or in turbid water.
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Sharks and rays make up the sub-class of fishes called elasmobranches. This sub-class is part of a class of cartilaginous fishes called Chondrichthyes which also includes chimaeras (ratfishes).
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Filed under Sharks Knowledges · Tagged with advance, age, air, anal, anal fins, animal, baby, baby sharks, bite, bladder, blood, body, bone, bony, bony fish, bony fishes, car, cartilage, cent, centre, Chondrichthyes, Class, cloaca, Co, column, day, Denticles, dentine, ear, elasmobranch, ename, enamel, entrance, exception, face, feed, feeding, field, fin, fins, fish, fish larvae, fish release, food, form, friction, front, gas, gill, gill slits, incubate, inner surface, jaw, larvae, liver, loan, lot, lower jaw, Male, Mammals, mix, need, object, oil, old teeth, order, organs, oxygen, pair, paper, part, payday, pectoral, pectoral fins, place, position, rat, ray, Red, reef, reef sharks, release, round, row, sack, sand, sandpaper, Sandtiger, sandtiger shark, sea, sense, serv, service, shape, shark, Sharks, side, skate, skates, skin, skull, sperm, surface, swim bladder, swimming, tiger, tiger shark, tight circles, tiny fish, turbid, upper jaw, US, use, uterus, uteruses, water, water column, With
The Shark Trust was established in 1997 to study, protect, and manage the elasmobranch species found in UK waters and internationally. It is a member of the European Elasmobranch Association and works with other EEA organizations to counter the enormous fishing pressure that European shark and ray stocks are under.
The Shark Trust’s mandate includes:
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Introducing effective management on a regional basis to regulate shark and ray fisheries and ensure that they are sustainable.
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Reducing shark and ray bycatch and mortality in other fisheries.
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Increasing research efforts on the biology of sharks and rays and their fisheries, including the promotion of a collaborative tag and release program.
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Improving records of catches, landings, and international trade in species of sharks and rays.
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Improving management of critical habitats, including nursery grounds, under threat.
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Increasing the amount of information available to the public and decision makers.
The Shark Trust encourages scientists, divers, fishermen, anglers, and the general public to join the growing number of ST members that currently lend their support.
Your membership in The Shark Trust adds to the pressure that it is able to be put on governing and regulatory agencies, and helps spread awareness on the plight of sharks and rays in general.
Subscription to The Shark Trust carries no obligation on your part unless you wish it to. However, if you would like to help educate or raise funds your added contribution will be most welcome.
Shark Trust members receive the trust’s magazine/newsletter ‘Shark Focus’ 3 times per year. This is a glossy publication that chronicles the latest work of the trust and has articles on a variety of shark and ray subjects. Upon joining the trust you will also receive i.d. posters of British shark and ray species and other Shark Trust goodies.
The Shark Trust also hosts a highly informative website with sections on all aspects of sharks and rays. The site also contains a good image database of elasmobranch species and an active and well moderated forum for anyone wishing to talk sharks.
Filed under Sharks Organizations · Tagged with age, amount, and manage the elasmobranch species found in UK waters, Anglers, anyone, Association, awareness, basis, biology, British, bycatch, car, catch, Co, contribution, critical habitats, Data, database, decision, decision makers, diver, ear, Educate, EEA, effect, effective management, effort, elasmobranch, Ensure, EST, Europe, European, fish, fisheries, fishermen, fishing, Focus, form, forum, fund, gene, general, glossy publication, habitat, host, image, Improving, improving management, increasing research, information, informative website, International, Join, land, landing, landings, loss, magazine, magazine newsletter, management, mandate, member, membership, mortality, news, newsletter, number, nursery, nursery grounds, obligation, organization, part, plight, pressure, program, promotion, protect, public, publication, rat, rate, ray, Red, region, regional basis, regulatory agencies, release, research, research efforts, round, row, sea, shark, shark trust, Sharks, ship, site, Species, species of sharks, study, Subscription, support, tag, The Shark Trust, threat, time, trade, Trust, trust members, UK, uk waters, US, variety, water, Web, website, With, work, year, Your
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Finning is called as the cruel cutting off the fins of the sharks. Often the sharks are still alive at this time. The trunk of the shark (dead or alive) is then thrown as redundant ballast over board. The shark fins constitute only approx. 14% of the total weight of a shark but bring in on the international market substantially more than shark meat. The fins are used exclusively for shark fish fin soup. Finning is cruelly however lucrative; for a kilo of shark fins in Asia an average over 100 US Dollar is paid.
Hong Kong and the mainland China dominate the world-wide shark fin market to 50%. Statistics from Taiwan, Singapore
and Hong Kong point a growth like an explosion of the trade with shark fins. Already 1999 according to official data of the customs authorities of Hong Kong 6954 tons of shark fins were released for the re-export. The number of exported fins might have increased by a multiple since then. They predominantly go to Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, Korea and China. Taiwan ranks at place five in the world-wide shark fin trade. It maintains the world-wide largest fishing fleet, which fishes primarily in international waters, far away from the own territorial waters.
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Filed under Save Sharks · Tagged with age, approx, Asia, author, average, ballast, board, China, china taiwan, Co, customs authorities, cutting, cutting off, Data, Dollar, EST, explosion, fin, fin soup, Finning, fins, fish, fishing, fishing fleet, fleet, growth, Hong Kong, International, international waters, kilo, Korea, land, largest fish, mainland china, Malaysia, market, meat, multiple, number, official, place, point, rat, Red, release, row, run, shark, Shark Finning, shark fins, shark fish, shark meat, Sharks, Singapore, singapore malaysia, soup, Taiwan, territorial, territorial waters, time, trade, trunk, US, use, water, way, weight, Wide, With, world
Following its acceptance of membership to the recently formed Shark Alliance, Save Our Sharks (SOS) attended the first anniversary and inaugural meeting of the Shark Alliance member groups in Brussels.
Around 35 delegates from 6 countries, U.K, France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland and Holland attended plus the directors and staff from the Pew Charitable Trusts, who financed the meeting.
Save Our Sharks were represented by Nigel Proctor (on behalf of the SOS committee) who met up at Brussels airport with the Sea Anglers Conservation Network (Scotland) representative, and SOS liaison officer Denis Kelly.
“Fins On”
One of the principal proposals that came out the conference is to be headed “Fins On” where the aim is to have sharks landed whole. There will be a drive to raise public awareness of the issue, and we will try to capitalise on the IUCN red listing, and create further publicity.
“Shark Week”
Another proposal is to hold a “Shark Week” in each member country, where each country’s members create a project to involve the community, schools, museums, aquariums and the like to raise awareness of shark issues.
There will be more to follow on the above shortly
There were many other issues and points made, however, these are the principal ones
• Strive to raise public awareness of shark related issues,
• Create adequate publicity and maintain the pressure,
• Educate journalists away from ‘sensationalism’ without portraying sharks as an animal they clearly are not, they are apex predators, not cuddly, loveable ‘toys’,
• Pre-influence the journalist way of thinking prior to ‘shark week’ and Ocean Day,
• Feed the media with facts and data to ‘force’ the attention on sharks prior to EU discussions on shark management,
• Similarly with CITES,
• Important to maintain ‘shark friendly’ states and get them to lobby less friendly countries,
• Lobby the UK to dispense with its ‘special permits’,
• Ensure that the Shark Alliance has a high profile at the release and showing of the new shark film,
• Don’t alienate the fishing industry,
• Work with fishermen, more is likely to be achieved at a faster rate,
Denis and Nigel were made extremely welcome and clearly treated as being amongst equals, if but a little less experienced in the ways of policy and lobbying. Nigel stated after the meeting that, “We have made significant moves along the pathway of shark conservation and have little to fear in the future, in terms of acceptability, we have a lot to offer and should not be afraid to push forward with our objectives, we can gain a great deal from liaison with the other member groups of the Shark Alliance, however, we also have a great deal to offer as well”.
At the conference Nigel reiterated the high level of importance UK anglers attached to sharks, skates and rays, making the point that the bad old days of trophy fish were long gone. He finished off by indicating our commitment and referencing the prohibition on the landing of tope along the English east coast (c 200 miles of coastline) which to the best of our knowledge is the first full protection, and or prohibition on the landing of any shark species in European waters. This brought about a warm and consensual round of applause, which probably indicates that we are not outcasts any more, but highly regarded and welcome members of an important Shark Alliance.
Well done to Nigel and Denis for helping to put recreational shark fishing on the front-line of European shark conservation
The next few months
We are in for a quiet time in Scotland until after the elections but there is much to do, in England and Europe. We will be writing to our members shortly with more details, please get involved.
• Liaise with the Shark Trust to organise a “Shark Week” to raise public awareness with the overall goal of banning the removing of fins at sea.
• Lobby Defra to stop handing out special permits which allows finning on Porbeagles. Both of the above are part of the “Fins On” campaign.
• Keep pressure on Defra to announce the results of the tope consultation.
• Build up a case to take to the EU to implement tope management across Europe.
• Remind Defra of their intention to implement a maximum landing size on rays, skate and spurdog.
• Keep pressure on the Scottish Exec. to have the Firth of Lorne, Sound of Mull and surrounding lochs and waters designated as a Spurdog nursery area.
• Lobby the EU to have the 25 per cent by catch on rays implemented in all UK waters.
• Continue with the red tape to get SOS listed for charitable status. Once achieved we can apply for grants to help with the campaigning and administrative costs.
Filed under Save Sharks · Tagged with ability, acceptability, acceptance, age, aim, air, airport, Alliance, alliance member, amp, Anglers, animal, anniversary, apex, apex predators, applause, aquariums, area, attention, awareness, ban, behalf, Brussels, brussels airport, Build, campaign, campaigning, capitalise, case, catch, cent, CITES, Co, coast, coastline, commitment, committee, community, conference, conference in Brussels, consensual, conservation, conservation network, consultation, Continue, country, Data, day, deal, Defra, Denis, Denis Kelly, Director, dog, Don, drive, ear, Educate, England, English, Ensure, EST, Europe, European, european waters, Exec, experience, fact, fear, feed, film, fin, Finning, fins, Firth, fish, fishermen, fishing, force, form, France, front, future, gel, Germany, germany switzerland, Gland, goal, Great, group, half, hand, head, hold, Holland, importance, Important, inaugural meeting, industry, influence, intention, International, issue, Italy, IUCN, iucn red list, journal, journalist, knowledge, land, landing, leg, level, Liaise, liaison, liaison officer, line, List, listing, Lobby, Lorne, lot, management, maximum, meeting, member, member country, member groups, membership, mind, Mull, Network, network scotland, Nigel, Nigel Proctor, nursery, object, ocean, offer, officer, organise, part, pathway, Pew, pew charitable trusts, point, policy, porbeagle, Porbeagles, Pre-influence, predators, pressure, Principal, principal proposals, proctor, profile, prohibition, project, proposal, protect, protection, public, public awareness, publicity, rat, rate, ray, recreation, Red, release, Remind, representative, round, Save, Scotland, Scottish, sea, sea anglers, sensationalism, serv, shark, Shark Alliance, shark conservation, shark fish, shark fishing, shark species, shark trust, shark week, Sharks, ship, showing, size, skate, skates, SOS, Sound, Species, spurdog, staff, status, Strive, Switzerland, tape, term, The Shark Trust, time, tope, trophy, Trust, Trusts, U.K, UK, uk waters, US, use, water, way, Week, With, work
