The Shark Alliance was formed in 2006 in an attempt to streamline the efforts of NGOs involved in shark conservation. The Alliance is able to utilize the manpower, resources, and combined knowledge of its member organizations to more effectively lobby for sustainable European and global shark fishing limits. Members of the Shark Alliance include The Shark Trust, the European Elasmobranch Association, and The Ocean Concervancy, among others.
In its own words:
The Shark Alliance is a not-for-profit coalition of non-governmental organizations dedicated to restoring and conserving shark populations by improving European fishing policy. Because of the influence of Europe in global fisheries and the importance of sharks in ocean ecosystems, these efforts have the potential to enhance the health of the marine environment in Europe and around the world.
The mission of the Shark Alliance is two-fold: To close loopholes in European policy regarding the wasteful and unsustainable practice of shark finning; To secure responsible, science-based shark fishing limits for long-term sustainability and ecosystem health.
Sharks have evolved over 400 million years and play a critical role in ocean ecosystems. In common with land predators such as lions and wolves, sharks keep other marine populations in check and help maintain the balance of life in the sea. Today, primarily because of overfishing sharks are among the oceans’ most threatened animals. Tens of millions of sharks are killed each year, either intentionally or as bycatch in commercial and recreational fisheries. Ongoing assessment of the status of European sharks (and closely-related rays) by the IUCN (The World Conservation Union) has led to the classification of roughly one third of evaluated species as threatened (either Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable), with another 16 per cent at risk of becoming so in the near future. Sharks generally grow slowly, mature late and produce few young. Shark populations are therefore especially vulnerable to overexploitation and slow to recover once depleted. The loss of these important predators is predicted to have negative effects on many other species in the sea. Unfortunately, however, misinformation and fear all too often impede the public support required to ensure sharks receive management priority and conservation actions. Unlike many countries that fail to conserve sharks, Europe does not lack the resources to restrict fishing. Despite immediate threats facing sharks there are few European limits on shark fishing, and quotas are routinely set far in excess of actual catches. In 2003, the EU adopted a ban on shark finning (the wasteful practice of slicing off a shark’s fins and discarding the carcass at sea), but at the same time allowed glaring loopholes that render the ban all but meaningless. For instance, shark fishermen are allowed to land shark carcasses and fins separately, making it all but impossible to tell how many sharks have been processed on board and how many were subjected to shark finning. Meanwhile, the fin to carcass ratio (the means of checking that the number of fins corresponds to the number of carcasses – after sea processing – is within the ban’s limits) is the highest and therefore the most lenient in the world. Europe is home to the some of the world’s largest fishing fleets while its powerful fisheries officials exert influence on international fishing restrictions in many regions of the globe. Poor European shark policies, therefore, pose threats not only to shark populations in European waters but also to those around the world. If fisheries are managed carefully, sharks can provide a steady source of food and recreation and help keep the oceans in balance. The Shark Alliance is dedicated to ensuring that these valuable yet vulnerable animals survive and thrive for the benefit of ocean ecosystems and the people that depend on them. Save buying products with payday loan
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Expert findings show sharks and rays are now amongst Europe’s most threatened animals as more are added to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Gland, Switzerland, 20 February 2006 (IUCN) The number of species of sharks and rays on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species will increase based on the findings of a three-day expert workshop, hosted by the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC), that examined the conservation status of the species in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean waters.
The workshop confirms the widely-accepted notion that slow-growing sharks and rays are exceptionally vulnerable to over-fishing, and that deep-water species are being depleted at an alarming rate. Some formerly important commercial species are now so rare that they are no longer being sought by fishermen, but their risk of extinction is still rising because of continued incidental capture in fisheries for more abundant species. This situation is exacerbated by the lack of shark fisheries management in European waters.
“Sharks and rays are amongst the most threatened animal groups in the UK today. I welcome the development of a Red List baseline, against which to monitor the hoped-for changes in their status that should arise from increased awareness of their plight,” said Dr Malcolm Vincent, JNCC’s Director of Science.
Nearly 100 species of sharks and rays were evaluated against the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Categories range from Extinct to Least Concern and Data Deficient. Species deemed Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Endangered are considered threatened with extinction and are added to the global IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The IUCN Shark Specialist Group, which convened the meeting, will compile these assessments for a regional report that will include recommendations for conservation action.
Proposed additions to the Red List include three species of angel sharks, two species of skates, and several species of deep-water sharks, all of which are considered Critically Endangered in the region, as well as two species of coastal ray, now considered Endangered. The species found to be at lowest risk were generally small and fast-growing coastal species, like cuckoo ray and lesser-spotted catshark, and very deep ocean species that are still beyond the reach of today’s fishing fleets.
Angel sharks, formerly abundant large coastal sharks, were once a common sight in fish markets, but have largely vanished, almost unnoticed, from the European seas that are their world stronghold.
Now officially declared extinct in the North Sea by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (fisheries advisers to European countries), the angel shark was nominated in 2001 for strict legal protection in British waters, but we are still waiting for government action on this proposal, said Sarah Fowler, Co-Chair of the Shark Specialist Group. Workshop participants emphasised the urgency of protecting this, and many other imperilled species.
Three species of deep-water sharks, taken as incidental catch in fisheries and increasingly targeted for their meat and rich liver oil, were assessed as threatened. A population decline of 80-95% prompted a Critically Endangered classification for the region’s deep-water gulper shark.
These exceptionally slow-growing sharks are simply not biologically equipped to withstand such intense fishing pressure, said Tom Blasdale, Marine Species Adviser at the JNCC. We welcome recent European Union action to manage deep-water gillnet fisheries, but similar measures are still urgently needed to protect deep-water sharks taken by trawls and longlines.
The shortfin mako shark, a favourite target of commercial and recreational fishermen around the world, was proposed as Vulnerable in the Northeast Atlantic and Critically Endangered in the Mediterranean Sea.
This wide-ranging species is increasingly the target of fisheries and yet lacks any type of protective measures in this region, warned Alen Soldo of the Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries in Croatia. Of particular concern are mako sharks in the Mediterranean, where our findings revealed ongoing fishing pressure well beyond the reproductive capacity of the species.
In contrast to similar workshops held in North America, South Africa, and Australia, the workshop yielded little if any good news, due largely to the lack of shark and ray conservation measures in this region. Protection is granted by just a handful of European countries for the three largest species (basking shark, devil ray, and great white shark). The few European shark and ray quotas in place are routinely set far in excess of actual catches and therefore do not limit fishing pressure. They also cover only part of these stocks. Scientists advice for zero catch of many depleted shark and ray species has been ignored. There are no international limits on shark catch, even as fisheries for wide-ranging shark species (such as mako and blue sharks) expand and evidence of their declines mounts.
Scientists from government agencies, universities, and private institutions participated in the workshop including authors of published papers on shark and skate population status and experts who develop advice on shark quotas for European and international fisheries of the Northeast Atlantic. Experts from England, Scotland, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Croatia, Russia, Sweden, Canada, and the USA took part.
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is the world’s most authoritative guide to the status of biological diversity. The workshop was the eighth in a global series to assess all of the world’s shark and ray species and develop regional conservation priorities. Resulting Red List proposals are preliminary until accepted by the global Shark Specialist Group network.
Filed under Save Sharks · Tagged with abundant species, action, addition, advice, Adviser, age, air, Alen, angel, angel sharks, animal, animal groups, assessment, Atlantic, Australia, author, awareness, baseline, Basking, basking shark, Biological, blue, blue sharks, British, capacity, capture, catch, Categories, catshark, cent, Chair, Class, classification, Co, coast, commercial species, committee, Concern, conservation, conservation action, Continue, contrast, Council, Criteria, Critically, Croatia, cuckoo, Data, day, decline, deep ocean, Deficient, Development, devil, Director, diver, dr malcolm, Dr Malcolm Vincent, ear, Endangered, England, EST, Europe, European, european waters, exception, excess, expert, expert workshop, Exploration, Extinct, extinction, favourite, Feb, February, fin, finding, fish, fisheries, fisheries management, fishermen, fishing, fishing fleet, fishing fleets, fleet, form, gel, gene, general, gill, gillnet, Gland, gland switzerland, Government, Great, great white shark, group, gulper, hand, handful, hold, host, Important, Institute, International, Italy, IUCN, iucn red list, iucn shark specialist group, JNCC, Join, Joint, joint nature conservation committee, lack, land, Least, leg, line, List, liver, liver oil, longline, longlines, mako, mako sharks, management, Marine, market, meat, Mediterranean, Mediterranean Sea, mediterranean waters, meeting, Nature, need, Network, news, North, North America, North Sea, Northeast Atlantic, notion, number, ocean, Oceanography, official, oil, Ongoing, paper, part, place, plight, population, Portugal, pressure, product, proposal, Proposed, protect, protection, range, rat, rate, ratio, ray, reach, recreation, Red, region, report, rise, risk, round, row, Sarah Fowler, Science, Scotland, sea, serv, shark, shark fish, shark fisheries, shark specialist group, shark species, Sharks, shop, shortfin, side, sight, situation, skate, skates, skin, Soldo, South Africa, Spain, Specialist, Species, species of sharks, stand, status, stronghold, Switzerland, TALE FOR SHARKS, target, Tens, threat, Threatened, today, Tom Blasdale, type, UK, Union, urgency, US, USA, use, Vulnerable, water, water sharks, water species, White, white shark, Wide, With, work, workshop, world
he rapid decline of great sharks in the world’s oceans is disrupting the marine ecosystem by allowing more lowly fish to thrive, scientists warn today.
Overfishing of the ancient predators has lead to a sudden uprising of species they prey on, causing an abundance of skates, rays and smaller sharks, which are steadily devastating populations of shellfish, including scallops, oysters and clams, the researchers claim.
The findings suggest that the demise of the great sharks, whose primitive ancestors cruised the seas long before the rise and fall of the dinosaurs, may have unforeseen knock-on effects on marine life lower down the food chain.
Records from fisheries and research vessels dating from the 1970s to 2005 have revealed a dramatic nosedive in great shark populations. Tiger sharks and scalloped hammerheads may have declined more than 97% since the mid-1980s, while numbers of smooth hammerheads and bull sharks are believed to have fallen by 99% off the east coast of the US.
Writing in the journal Science, a team of marine biologists led by Ran Myers at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia, analyse fish research surveys over the past 16 to 35 years. The records show that while the abundance of 11 great shark species fell dramatically over the past 35 years, 12 of the 14 fish species they prey on had increased sharply.
In the waters along the US Atlantic coast, numbers of cownose rays, a staple of the great shark diet that can grow to four feet across, jumped 8% a year to an estimated population of around 40 million.
The explosion of the cownose population coincides with an almost complete collapse of scallops in the waters, leaving only those protected behind marine fences for local fisheries to take.
Without sharks to keep their numbers in check, researchers fear the migrating rays will drive down shellfish populations as they swim through, to the point where they are unable to recover .
Julia Baum, a co-author of the paper, said: “With fewer sharks around, the species they prey upon, like cownose rays, have increased in numbers, and in turn, hordes of cownose rays dining on scallops, have wiped the scallops out.”
Sharks are targeted by fisheries for their fins and meat, but are also taken as by-catch by fleets fishing for tuna and swordfish. As many as 73 million sharks are killed each year around the globe for the finning trade.
Ellen Pikitch, executive director of the Pew Institute for Ocean Science in Miami, said: “This is the first published field experiment to demonstrate that the loss of sharks is cascading through ocean ecosystems and inflicting collateral damage on food fisheries such as scallops. These unforeseen and devastating impacts underscore the need to take a more holistic, ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management.”
Charles Peterson, a researcher on the paper and marine biologist at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, said the study highlighted the importance of maintaining populations of the ocean’s top predators. “Despite the vastness of the oceans, its organisms are interconnected, meaning that changes at one level have implications several steps removed. Through our work, the ocean is not so unfathomable, and we know better now why sharks matter,” he added.
In British waters, historic overfishing has seen the common ray decline to the point that surveys in the western channel have failed to spot any since the 1930s. More recently, numbers of blue and porbeagle sharks are believed to have fallen. The porbeagles are believed to be taken by Danish and French fleets, while Spanish long-line vessels take blue sharks migrating into British waters.
Last year, a team lead by David Sims of the Marine Biological Association in Plymouth tagged six blue sharks off the coast of Portugal to investigate their fate. Two were landed by fisheries within three months. “The ones that get here may be the survivors,” he said.
Dr Sims said the lack of hard data makes it extremely difficult to produce reliable assessments of fish populations, adding that many predators have such varied diets that cascade effects through ecosystems are complex and often difficult to pinpoint.
“There’s no doubt the fisheries are having an impact on the big shark populations, but what we really don’t know is what the ecosystem effects of that will be. There could be other factors involved that haven’t been measured,” he added.
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